Need your help for Some problems

Forum for the GRE subject test in mathematics.
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mathnoob
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Joined: Sun Apr 06, 2008 8:17 am

Need your help for Some problems

Post by mathnoob » Sun Apr 06, 2008 8:30 am

Hi ALL, I am so glad to find such a forum and meet all you guys here! Please just help for the below problems i met。 Thank you in advance!

1)cos(97x)=x got how many solusions?

2)V,W are both 4-dim subspaces of a 7-dim space then the dimension of V intersect W can NOT be:
0,1,2,3,4

3)the point set of all the point within unit square where at least one of the coordinate of the point is irrational. This set is compact?connected?

4)find the integral of cos(t)+sqt(1+t^2)*[sin(t)]^3*[cos(t)]^t from -pi/4 to pi/4

5) how many 2*2 matrices on a q-element field are invertible(Answer:q^4-q^3-q^2+q but why??)

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lime
Posts: 129
Joined: Tue Dec 04, 2007 2:11 am

Post by lime » Sun Apr 06, 2008 4:13 pm

1. Apparently, there are no solutions for x>1 and x<-1.
Since 97~=30,8Pi,
the value of cos(97)<0
and graphically it also decreases in this point (that is also possible to check using first derivative test). Using the fact that cos(x) is the even function we could sketch out graphs for both y=cos(97x) and y=x and evaluate the number of intersetion points, which would be equal to 61.
Image

2. If you try to put 4 balls of one color and 4 balls of another color in 7 bins, that each bin does not contain two balls of the same color, in that case at least one bin would contain two balls of different colors. Therefore, 0 is the answer.

3. Let points of this set S be the points of the square with vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1).
Consider subset A of this set that
A={(x,0), where x is irrational}.
Apparently, the set A is both open and closed.
Therefore, S is disconnected. (Warning! Mistake! See further posts for more information)
Consider set family B(n) of such points in squares with side length 1-1/n (n>1). If we "insert" such "squares" in our square and add the set C of border points:
C={(x,0),(x,1),(0,y),(1,y), x,y are irrational}
we would have the open covering of our set S that has no finite subcovering.
Therefore, S is not compact.

4. I couldn't solve this integral so far. :wink: Please confirm whether it looks like this one.
Image

5. To get the answer we should actually calculate the number of all possible 2x2 non-invertible matrixes in field q.
Image[/b]
Last edited by lime on Tue Jul 22, 2008 1:37 am, edited 1 time in total.

mathnoob
Posts: 5
Joined: Sun Apr 06, 2008 8:17 am

Thank you lime!

Post by mathnoob » Mon Apr 07, 2008 9:18 am

Hey Lime, your answers are amazing!! Thank you!

For the integral one, I am so sorry that I have a typo in my initial post, the correct one should be:

cos(t)+sqt(1+t^2)*[sin(t)]^3*[cos(t)]^3

Looking forward your reply!!

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lime
Posts: 129
Joined: Tue Dec 04, 2007 2:11 am

Post by lime » Tue Apr 08, 2008 5:40 pm

Thank you for questions.

4. Apparently, the second integral was included in order to obfuscate us. Indeed,
sqrt(1+x^2) is even function
sin(x)^3 is odd function
cos(x)^3 is even function.
Hence, integral function would be:
even*odd*even = odd function.
According to the integration interval the integral value would be equal to zero. Therefore, it would be enough to calculate only the first integral which is equal to sqrt(2).

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lime
Posts: 129
Joined: Tue Dec 04, 2007 2:11 am

Post by lime » Mon Jul 21, 2008 1:57 am

I got very interesting reply concerning problem 3, proposing that:
"set S is connected still there is a path between any two points of it. Hence, it is path-connected. Hence, it is connected".
Nevertheless, I think that cannot be true. For instance, between two points
X(sqrt(2)/3, 0) and Y(sqrt(2)/2, 0) there is no way to create a path all the points of which will be in S. There always be a point on the way with rational coordinates.

Also, if you feel not confident with proving disconnectedness with showing that the set is both open and closed, you can figure out that it can be covered by two disjoint squares with vertices:
(0,0) (0,1) (1/2,1) (1/2,0)
(1/2,0) (1/2,1) (1,1) (1,0)
where the border x=1/2 does not belong to these squares. Therefore, S is disconnected.

You guys, correct me please if I'm wrong.

mathsubboy
Posts: 11
Joined: Sun Jul 20, 2008 12:11 pm

Like this

Post by mathsubboy » Mon Jul 21, 2008 11:18 am

er, let me see, I think the two points X(sqrt(2)/3, 0) and Y(sqrt(2)/2, 0) can be connected by the following three segments:
seg I: X(sqrt(2)/3, 0)->A(sqrt(2)/3, sqrt(2)/3)
seg II: A(sqrt(2)/3, sqrt(2)/3)->B(sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/3)
seg III: B(sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/3)->Y(sqrt(2)/2, 0)

As for the proof, maybe, I think it is not fit into the definition.

Any correction is welcome!

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lime
Posts: 129
Joined: Tue Dec 04, 2007 2:11 am

Post by lime » Tue Jul 22, 2008 1:34 am

I see I made mistake. Covering with these two squares
(0,0) (0,1) (1/2,1) (1/2,0)
(1/2,0) (1/2,1) (1,1) (1,0)
where the border x=1/2 does not belong to these squares.
will not include points of the form (1/2, y), where y - irrational.

According to the example of path mathsubboy gave, this space is really path-connected. Thus it is indeed connected space! mathsubboy, thanks for disabusing me of error.

Nevertheless, so far I cannot find mistake in my first proof, concerning the fact that this set does contain intervals that are both open and closed.

mathsubboy
Posts: 11
Joined: Sun Jul 20, 2008 12:11 pm

Post by mathsubboy » Tue Jul 22, 2008 8:47 am

In fact, I can just prove the set A is closed relative to S.

rookie
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Joined: Thu Oct 02, 2008 5:49 pm

Post by rookie » Thu Oct 02, 2008 6:10 pm

Question #5 has a more illuminating solution:

Consider the vector space F_q x F_q, which has dimension 2. F_q: Field of q elts.

Now GL_2(F_q) has 1-1 correspondence with the bases of this space. Where GL_2: General Linear Group order 2.

A basis of F_{q}^2 is formed by two linearly indep vectors. The first can be chosen (q^2-1) times (excluding zero). That vector has only q multiples, so that leaves us with q^2-q vectors which are linearly indep. with the one we started out. Thus total is (q^2-1)(q^2-q). which expands to the answer.



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