Problems in the 4 practice tests

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cauchy2012
Posts: 22
Joined: Sat Aug 13, 2011 9:04 am

Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by cauchy2012 » Thu Oct 27, 2011 9:05 pm

Hello all guys! I am preparing for the test in Nov. And after I have finished the 4 practice test, I have some problems about these 4 tests.

1.GR0568 #40(C)
40. For which of the following rings is it possible for the product of two nonzero elements to be zero?
(A) The ring of complex numbers
(B) The ring of integers modulo 11
(C) The ring of continuous real-valued functions on [0, 1]
(D) The ring a+b^1/2 :a and b are rational numbers
(E) The ring of polynomials in x with real coefficient

2.GR0568 #44
44. A fair coin is to be tossed 100 times, with each toss resulting in a head or a tail. If H is the total number of heads
and T is the total number of tails, which of the following events has the greatest probability?
(A) H=50
(B) T >= 60
(C) 51 < H < 55
(D) H >=48 and T >= 48
(E) H <5 or H > 95
Should I deduce from the graph of normal distribution? I just cannot figure out how to calculate it.

3.GR0568 #61
61. Which of the following sets has the greatest cardinality?
(A) R
(B) The set of all functions from Z to Z
(C) The set of all functions from R to {0, 1}
(D) The set of all finite subsets of R
(E) The set of all polynomials with coefficients in R

4.GR0568 #65
65. Which of the following statements are true about the open interval (0, 1) and the closed interval [0, 1]?
I. There is a continuous function from (0, 1)onto [0, 1].
II. There is a continuous function from [0, 1]onto (0, 1).
III. There is a continuous one-to-one function from (0, 1) onto [0, 1].
(A) None (B) I only (C) II only (D) I and III only (E) I, II, and III

And I also have troubles on another 2 tests: GR9367 #43, GR9367 #57,GR9367 #60
Thank you all guys! Any help will be greatly appreciated!
Last edited by cauchy2012 on Wed Nov 02, 2011 4:24 am, edited 1 time in total.

yoyobarn
Posts: 80
Joined: Sun Dec 19, 2010 7:01 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by yoyobarn » Fri Oct 28, 2011 12:49 am

1.GR0568 #40(C)
40. For which of the following rings is it possible for the product of two nonzero elements to be zero?
(A) The ring of complex numbers
(B) The ring of integers modulo 11
(C) The ring of continuous real-valued functions on [0, 1]
(D) The ring a+b^1/2 :a and b are rational numbers
(E) The ring of polynomials in x with real coefficient

This is quite tricky.
The answer is (C), and the example is
(|x|-x) (|x|+x) = |x|^2 - x^2 = 0.

You may want to check out http://sfmathgre.blogspot.com/ for some answers.

blitzer6266
Posts: 61
Joined: Sun Apr 04, 2010 1:08 pm

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by blitzer6266 » Fri Oct 28, 2011 2:13 am

Your answer is correct but your reasoning is invalid. |x|-x on [0,1] IS the zero function. An easy example would be a piece-wise linear function such as f= .5-x on [0, .5] f= 0 on [.5,1] and g= 0 on [0,.5] g= x-.5 on [.5, 1] (draw the picture). Then f*g is the zero function but f and g are not zero.

blitzer6266
Posts: 61
Joined: Sun Apr 04, 2010 1:08 pm

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by blitzer6266 » Fri Oct 28, 2011 4:49 am

for 3, card(S) < card(P(S)) where P(S) is the power set of S

R has "cardinality of the continuum" - card(R)

Z x Z is countable because Z is countable. Then functions from Z to Z are subsets of P(Z x Z), but card(Z x Z) = card(N),
so card(P(Z x Z)) <= card (P(N)) = card(R)

(correct)The set of functions from R to {0,1} basically is P(R), so cardinality is greater than card(R)

The set of all finite subsets of R has card(R). Basically if a countable collection of sets each has cardinality less than card(R), then the union of these also has cardinality less than card(R). Therefore, if A_n is the subsets of R which have n elements, each of these has card(R), so the union also has card(R).

The set of all polynomials with coefficients in R is almost same thing as the above one-Each polynomial of degree n is basically an ordered subset of R with size n where order matters. Thus the set of polynomials in R with degree n has card(R). Thus the union has card(R).

With these sort of tests, if you can identify which one looks like it has cardinality of P(R), that's probably the right one.. it gets complicated with larger cardinality..

For 4,
I is true.. something like .5sin(5x) + .5 should work (just draw a picture that goes up to 1 and down to 0... )
II is not. A continuous image of a compact set is compact
III is not. Continuous bijections on R are strictly monotone. When this happens, it is easy see see that f is an open map, which means the inverse is also continuous. But then the inverse would map [0,1] onto (0,1).

yoyobarn
Posts: 80
Joined: Sun Dec 19, 2010 7:01 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by yoyobarn » Fri Oct 28, 2011 5:49 am

blitzer6266 wrote:Your answer is correct but your reasoning is invalid. |x|-x on [0,1] IS the zero function. An easy example would be a piece-wise linear function such as f= .5-x on [0, .5] f= 0 on [.5,1] and g= 0 on [0,.5] g= x-.5 on [.5, 1] (draw the picture). Then f*g is the zero function but f and g are not zero.
ah.. yes, you are right.
Thanks for the correction.

cauchy2012
Posts: 22
Joined: Sat Aug 13, 2011 9:04 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by cauchy2012 » Tue Nov 01, 2011 11:38 am

But in your example, f and g are both not continuous functions, which do not satisfy the requirement of the exercise...
blitzer6266 wrote:Your answer is correct but your reasoning is invalid. |x|-x on [0,1] IS the zero function. An easy example would be a piece-wise linear function such as f= .5-x on [0, .5] f= 0 on [.5,1] and g= 0 on [0,.5] g= x-.5 on [.5, 1] (draw the picture). Then f*g is the zero function but f and g are not zero.

blitzer6266
Posts: 61
Joined: Sun Apr 04, 2010 1:08 pm

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by blitzer6266 » Tue Nov 01, 2011 2:03 pm

Try again

yoyobarn
Posts: 80
Joined: Sun Dec 19, 2010 7:01 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by yoyobarn » Wed Nov 02, 2011 1:03 am

cauchy2012 wrote:But in your example, f and g are both not continuous functions, which do not satisfy the requirement of the exercise...
blitzer6266 wrote:Your answer is correct but your reasoning is invalid. |x|-x on [0,1] IS the zero function. An easy example would be a piece-wise linear function such as f= .5-x on [0, .5] f= 0 on [.5,1] and g= 0 on [0,.5] g= x-.5 on [.5, 1] (draw the picture). Then f*g is the zero function but f and g are not zero.
they are continuous. (drawing the graph will make it clearer)

f(0.5)=0, and g(0.5)=0.

cauchy2012
Posts: 22
Joined: Sat Aug 13, 2011 9:04 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by cauchy2012 » Wed Nov 02, 2011 4:25 am

yoyobarn wrote:
cauchy2012 wrote:But in your example, f and g are both not continuous functions, which do not satisfy the requirement of the exercise...
blitzer6266 wrote:Your answer is correct but your reasoning is invalid. |x|-x on [0,1] IS the zero function. An easy example would be a piece-wise linear function such as f= .5-x on [0, .5] f= 0 on [.5,1] and g= 0 on [0,.5] g= x-.5 on [.5, 1] (draw the picture). Then f*g is the zero function but f and g are not zero.
they are continuous. (drawing the graph will make it clearer)

f(0.5)=0, and g(0.5)=0.

Yes! I got it! Thank you, but what about the others,guys?

yoyobarn
Posts: 80
Joined: Sun Dec 19, 2010 7:01 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by yoyobarn » Thu Nov 03, 2011 2:12 am

2.GR0568 #44
44. A fair coin is to be tossed 100 times, with each toss resulting in a head or a tail. If H is the total number of heads
and T is the total number of tails, which of the following events has the greatest probability?
(A) H=50
(B) T >= 60
(C) 51 < H < 55
(D) H >=48 and T >= 48
(E) H <5 or H > 95
Should I deduce from the graph of normal distribution? I just cannot figure out how to calculate it.
Yes, I believe one should estimate from the normal distribution.
Mean=np=100*0.5=50
Std Deviation=sqrt{npq}=5

Estimate it using: About 68% of values drawn from a normal distribution are within one standard deviation σ away from the mean; about 95% of the values lie within two standard deviations; and about 99.7% are within three standard deviations.

C and D should intuitively be the largest.

Furthermore, D should be larger than C, since it is closer to the centre, where the probabilities are the highest.

Not very rigorous, but gives an estimate.

Hom
Posts: 39
Joined: Sat Oct 01, 2011 3:22 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by Hom » Tue Nov 08, 2011 5:56 am

blitzer6266 wrote:for 3, card(S) < card(P(S)) where P(S) is the power set of S

R has "cardinality of the continuum" - card(R)

Z x Z is countable because Z is countable. Then functions from Z to Z are subsets of P(Z x Z), but card(Z x Z) = card(N),
so card(P(Z x Z)) <= card (P(N)) = card(R)

(correct)The set of functions from R to {0,1} basically is P(R), so cardinality is greater than card(R)

The set of all finite subsets of R has card(R). Basically if a countable collection of sets each has cardinality less than card(R), then the union of these also has cardinality less than card(R). Therefore, if A_n is the subsets of R which have n elements, each of these has card(R), so the union also has card(R).

The set of all polynomials with coefficients in R is almost same thing as the above one-Each polynomial of degree n is basically an ordered subset of R with size n where order matters. Thus the set of polynomials in R with degree n has card(R). Thus the union has card(R).

With these sort of tests, if you can identify which one looks like it has cardinality of P(R), that's probably the right one.. it gets complicated with larger cardinality..

For 4,
I is true.. something like .5sin(5x) + .5 should work (just draw a picture that goes up to 1 and down to 0... )
II is not. A continuous image of a compact set is compact
III is not. Continuous bijections on R are strictly monotone. When this happens, it is easy see see that f is an open map, which means the inverse is also continuous. But then the inverse would map [0,1] onto (0,1).
Hi, I think (B) is the Card(Z^Z) instead of Card(ZxZ) and Z^Z is also countable?

(B) The set of all functions from Z to Z
(C) The set of all functions from R to {0, 1}

owlpride
Posts: 204
Joined: Fri Jan 29, 2010 2:01 am

Re: Problems in the 4 practice tests

Post by owlpride » Tue Nov 08, 2011 6:48 am

Functions from Z to Z have card(R). Use functions from N to N instead, and write all of your natural numbers in base 2. Then given a function f: N -> N, associate to it the real number in base 3 given by ternary expansion 0.f(1) 2 f(2) 2 f(3) 2 f(4) 2 ... This gives you an injection from functions N -> N into the real numbers, so you know that their cardinality is at most card(P).

A similar construction also works for functions from Z to Z: 0. s(1) |f(1)| 2 s(-1) |f(-1)| 2 s(2) |f(2)| 2 s(-2) |f(-2)| 2 ... where s(k) encodes the sign of f(k), e.g. s(k) = 0 if f(k) is non-negative and s(k) = 1 if f(k) is negative.

While not needed here, you can also get a lower bound on the cardinality. Given the decimal expansion of a real number

r = r_k r_{k-1} ... r_1 . s_1 s_2 s_3 ...

assign to it the function
f(n) = r_n
f(0) = 0
f(-n) = s_n
for n a natural number

This is an injection from the real numbers into functions from Z to Z.



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